Fisher and E.S. [41], Blunt was at the U.S. Capitol when Trump supporters attacked it on January 6, 2021, serving as a teller for the 2021 United States Electoral College vote count certification, alongside Senator Amy Klobuchar, Representative Rodney Davis, and Representative Zoe Lofgren. Eckersley was soon locked out of his office by order of Martin. [63] The Kansas City Star, St. Louis Post-Dispatch and Associated Press filed petitions in August 2008 as intervening plaintiffs to gain preliminary and injunctive relief, declaratory judgment that the emails were public records under the state Sunshine Law, and access to the emails under discussion. On February 19, 2009, Blunt announced he would seek the Republican nomination for the U.S. Senate election for the seat being vacated by incumbent Republican U.S. Blunt was married to his first wife, Roseann Ray, from 1967 to 2003. Formerly, Blunt was a member of the US House of Representatives from 1997 to 2011. Grandfather of Linda (Ray) Morris, Kathryn (Ray) Stine, Roseann (Ray) Blunt, Mark Ray. Born in 1970 in Greene County, Missouri, Blunt is the son of politician Roy Blunt and his first wife Roseann Ray Blunt. Born in Niangua, Missouri, Blunt is a graduate of Southwest Baptist University and Southwest Missouri State University (now Missouri State University). Missouri Attorney General William Webster won the Republican primary, defeating Blunt and Missouri Treasurer Wendell Bailey 44%40%15%. In November 2018, G-Eazy quickly moved on from Halsey to a production manager named Christina Roseann Ray. "[44] Blunt stated that Trump "was a part of it", referring to the insurrection. Matt Blunt and his wife welcome second son", Blunt Announces Security Requirement for Electronic Voting Machines in Missouri, "Age May Be Trump Card in Governor's Race", "GOP positioned to press agenda in 2005 session", "ANALYSIS: Blunt cites budget cuts as greatest success", "Gov. [17] Webster lost the general election to Mel Carnahan. The previous night, Trump had alleged that Democrats were "stealing" the election. Lawmakers", "Rep. Blunt, wife adopt baby boy from Russia", "Missouri Sen. Roy Blunt's D.C. address an issue in his re-election bid", "Ten Southern Baptists sworn in as new reps", "Blunt to lead State Historical Society of Missouri", "Official Results: 2016 General Election", Vice Chair of the Senate Republican Conference, Majority leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives, Republican Party leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives, Majority whips of the U.S. House of Representatives, Minority whips of the U.S. House of Representatives, Republican Party whips of the U.S. House of Representatives, United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Blunt&oldid=1142214907, Honorary Officers of the Order of Australia, Majority leaders of the United States House of Representatives, Presidents of Southwest Baptist University, Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri, Republican Party United States senators from Missouri, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Subcommittee on Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies, Subcommittee on Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies, Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education, and Related Agencies (Ranking Member), Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs, Subcommittee on Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies, Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, Innovation, and the Internet, Subcommittee on Transportation and Safety, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 03:49. Blunt is blessed with four kids: Andrew Blunt, Ami Blunt Mosby, Matt Blunt, and Charlie Blunt. Senator (R-Missouri) in 2010. He won the Republican primary with 73% of the vote[100] and faced Democrat Jason Kander in the November 2016 general election on November 8, 2016. I would not support a travel ban on Muslims; I do support increased vetting on people applying to travel from countries with extensive terrorist ties or activity. [55], According to progressive news magazine The Nation, the rider "curtailed already weak oversight over the handful of agro-giants that control the GMO market by allowing crops that a judge ruled were not properly approved to continue to be planted. In the general election, he faced Missouri State Auditor Claire McCaskill, who had defeated incumbent Governor Bob Holden in the Democratic primary. Perlman is a lobbyist for Kraft Foods and Altria Group, the parent company of cigarette maker Philip Morris. [13], In 1984, after incumbent Democratic Missouri Secretary of State James Kirkpatrick decided to retire, Blunt ran for the position and won the Republican primary with 79% of the vote. Abigail and Senator Roy blunt have a son, Charlie. Advertisement Blunt married Abigail Perlman, a lobbyist for Kraft Foods and Philip Morris, in 2003. You may also like - [25], In 2006, Blunt successfully advocated for legislation that placed restrictions on over-the-counter cold medicines that could be used in the production of methamphetamines. After graduating from Jefferson City High School in Jefferson City, Missouri, Blunt. Blunt joins GOP Senators Rob Portman of Ohio, Pat Toomey of Pennsylvania, Richard Shelby of Alabama and Richard Burr of North Carolina who do not intend to run for reelection. [8], In 1988, he won reelection against Democrat James Askew 61%38%.[16]. Some citizens were deemed qualified again for Medicaid coverage. [35], Blunt opposed abortion except in cases of rape, incest, and to save the life of the mother. [46] In an interview with Face the Nation, Blunt said, "the president touched the hot stove on Wednesday and is unlikely to touch it again. Blunt created the Lewis and Clark Discovery Initiative (LCDI), designed to spread biotechnology across the State. After graduating from Jefferson City High School in Jefferson City, Missouri, Blunt was accepted into the United States Naval Academy where he received a bachelor's degree in history in 1993. In September 2005, Blunt called a special session of the General Assembly specifically to address abortion. "[94], Blunt supported President Donald Trump's 2017 executive order to temporarily curtail Muslim immigration until better screening methods are devised. Lindsay Clancy's murder of 3 kids shows cruel trick psychosis plays, Train derailment in Springfield, Ohio as residents ordered to shelter in place, Rape survivor 'sobbed seeing Gabby Petito bodycam vid after same cop did nothing', Daughter of murdered couple linked to Delphi case reveals paranoia, 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, Abigail Perlman is a lobbyist for Altria Group, the parent company of cigarette maker Philip Morris, Blunt announced he will not seek reelection in 2022. Blunt has been married twice. [52], In his 2008 State of the State address, Blunt proposed a one-week state sales tax exemption on Energy Star-certified new appliances. 2003)Abigail Perlman (m. 2003) . Roy Blunt with his wife and child Source: Twitter Charlie is the couple's adoptive son. Abigail Perlman Bluntm. They are; Matt Blunt, Amy Mosby Blunt, and Andrew . Later he was married to Abigail Perlman Blunt. "The Sun", "Sun", "Sun Online" are registered trademarks or trade names of News Group Newspapers Limited. Roy Blunt Found 107 people in Missouri, California and 22 other states. They were only spotted together a small number of times and it wasn't anything that developed into . This fling was extremely short-lived because nothing serious amounted from it. At the time of their wedding, Abigail was 41 and Senator Roy Blunt was 53. [43] While Blunt observed the deliberations over the objection to counting Arizona's votes, led by Ted Cruz, the Capitol was breached. "There's still a lot to do and I look forward to every day this year and next year as I continue to work for you in the Senate.". View contact information: phones, addresses, emails and networks. Prior to his marriage to Perlman, Blunt was married to Roseann Ray, with whom he had three children with, his son's Matt and Andrew, and his daughter Amy. [21], Blunt opposes federal cap and trade legislation and supports drilling for oil on the U.S. coastline. Before his marriage to Perlman, Blunt married Roseann Ray, with whom he had three children: his sons Matt and Andrew and his daughter Amy. [26][27] Also in 2005, Blunt signed into law "tort reform" legislation that limited the damages that juries could award in medical malpractice, placed a cap on punitive damages, lowered the maximum amount that juries could award in non-economic damages, and repealed Missouri's shared liability law. [40], In 2005, Blunt signed legislation to limit sales of pseudoephedrine and ephedrine products, the key ingredients needed to make methamphetamine. A Republican, Matt Blunt was elected governor on November 2, 2004, carrying 101 of Missouri's 114 counties. 2 Republican in House, "Roy Blunt's quest for bipartisan results", "The Lugar Center - McCourt School Bipartisan Index", "The presidential electoral circus draws to an end in Congress", "Area legislators share stances on certifying election results", "Local lawmakers denounce Capitol protest", "Republicans Recoil From Trump as Violence Proves Too Much", "MO Sen. Roy Blunt on Trump impeachment: 'It's not going to happen', "Analysis: This Republican senator is apparently totally unfamiliar with Donald Trump", "Missouri's Roy Blunt: Trump's decision not to attend inauguration a 'personal mistake', "Criticism of Sen. Roy Blunt's role in agriculture provision illustrates concerns about Congress", "Sen. Roy Blunt: Monsanto's Man in Washington", "Senate GOP quashes attempt to overturn 'Monsanto Protection Act', "Sen. Blunt Opposes Trump Impeachment, Backs Medical Marijuana Banking", "Trump praises retiring Blunt, who opposed his conviction", "GOP senator: Trump should have turned over 'all' documents", "Opposing a Minimum Wage Hike Could Cost the GOP the Senate", "S.1183 - 113th Congress (2013-14): Death Tax Repeal Act of 2013", "Death Tax Repeal Act of 2013 (2013; 113th Congress S. 1183)", "Blunt bill would promote infrastructure improvements, create jobs", "Blunt, Kander offer clear contrast on pocketbook issues", "Meet the Republicans in Congress who don't believe climate change is real", "Senate Rejects Human Role in Climate Change", "Trick or treaty? [66] Citing his support for agriculture and energy production, Blunt "has aggressively pushed to block a rule that would allow the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate some streams, wetlands and other waters. [119], For 2020, Blunt received a score of 74 from the American Conservative Union. ", "The Congress Members Receiving the Most N.R.A. Official Manual of Missouri, 2005-2006, p. 637. Blunt and Roseann were married another 26 years or so after Andrew was born, but never had another child. [54], Blunt issued Executive Orders[55] and programs to encourage university cooperation, tax relief, research funds and seed capital for "life science" start-up firms, and an innovative program to reward insurance companies and other large institutional investors for investing in funds that hold biotech stocks.[56]. The General Assembly passed the above-noted restrictions, and Blunt signed them into law. Blunt defeated McCaskill by 1,382,419 votes (50.83%) to 1,301,442 (47.85%) and thus became Missouri's second-youngest Governor. He married Roseann Ray in May 1967, and had three children with her: Matt, the former governor of Missouri, Amy Blunt Mosby and Andrew Blunt. Their analysis showed that Ed Martin, former chief of staff to Blunt, had used his state office to try to influence outside political groups, among other internal problems. 2003) Abigail Perlman (m. 2003) Children: 4, including Matt: Education: Southwest Baptist University Missouri State University : Signature: Website: Senate website: Roy Dean Blunt (born January 10, 1950) is an American politician. name = Roy Blunt imagesize = small caption = order = 25 th Majority Whip of the United States House of Representatives term_start = January 3, 2003 term_end = January 3, 2007 vicepresident = viceprimeminister = deputy = president = primeminister = [69] In 2017, he was one of 22 senators to sign a letter[70] to Trump urging him to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. The overhaul was supported by business interests and opposed by labor unions. The numbers currently linked to Roseann are (203) 226-7737 (Southern New England Tel Co), (203) 226-7990. At the time of his adoption, Charlie was an 18-month-old from Russia. To inquire about a licence to reproduce material, visit our Syndication site. In February 2006, a poll conducted by SurveyUSA showed him with a 33% job approval rating, the fifth lowest of any governor in the nation. Roy Dean Blunt (born January 10, 1950) is an American politician who served as a United States senator from Missouri from 2011 to 2023. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as a member of the United States House of Representatives and as Missouri Secretary of State. They shared a long 3 and a half decade of marriage. Preceded by: James Kirkpatrick Succeeded by: Judi Moriarty Leader: John Boehner Governor: John Ashcroft Born: Roy Dean Blunt (1950-01-10) January . faces tough emergency contraception issue", "Ignition interlocks for dwi offenders to become mandatory", "New Law Toughens Rules for Boating While Intoxicated", "Governor Proposes Free Exams for Rape Victims", "Springfield Officials Cut Ribbon for New Crime Lab", "Gov. Senator (R-MO) since 2011. For other inquiries, Contact Us. An affiliate of the Republican Party, Blunt previously served as a member of the US. Roy Dean Blunt [2] 1950110 2011-2023 19972011 Missouri's 7th congressional district Joplin, Missouri Carthage, Missouri Neosho, Missouri Branson, Missouri The legislation, called the Combat Meth Act, was opposed by retail and drug lobbyists. Born in Strafford, Missouri, He is the son of U.S. ", "Russian Adoption Ban Is Personal for Some U.S. The council, is a bipartisan 501(c)6 based in Washington, D.C. and its mission is to promote the unique and significant economic contribution of the U.S.-based auto companies to the American economy. Roseann Ray. [49], In 2013, Blunt worked with Monsanto to author a rider called the Farmer Assurance Provision,[50][51] which was added into the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013. "[29], Blunt provided annual increases in state funding for K-12 education, signed legislation authorizing $335 million for college construction, expanded college scholarships, and enacted a new school funding method. Senator Roy Blunt and his first wife, Roseann Ray Blunt. [35] But when the election was held by secret ballot on February 2, 2006, U.S. Representative John Boehner of Ohio won on the second ballot, with 122 votes to 109 for Blunt. [10] Blunt obtained strong leads in the rural parts of the state which was sufficient to overcome McCaskill's leads in St. Louis and Jackson County. In 1996 Blunt decided to run for the United States House of Representatives after incumbent U.S. Representative Mel Hancock honored his pledge to serve only four terms. Vernon High School in 1943. Where did Roy Blunt go to school? 2003. His active duty service included participation in Operation Uphold Democracy, involving the United Nations blockade of Haiti, missions to interdict drug traffic off the South American coast, and on duties involved in the interdiction of Cuban migrants in 1994. "[25] The PolitiFact service of the St. Petersburg Times reported that it could not find any such testimony. 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF. [29], He voted in favor of the unsuccessful Federal Marriage Amendment which sought to place a national ban on same-sex marriage, and has voted against gay adoption. Blunt's General Counsel Henry Herschel left soon after. [84], President of the American Automotive Policy Council, Governor Matt Blunt's Address to Missouri, "Missouri Gov. [47][48], Blunt signed an immigration bill prohibiting "sanctuary cities" in Missouri; requiring verification of legal employment status for public employees through E-verify; allowing cancellation of state contracts for contractors that hire illegal immigrants; requiring public agencies to verify the legal status of applicants before providing welfare benefits; criminalizing the transportation of illegal immigrants for exploitative purposes; and enacting provisions to punish employers who willfully hire illegal immigrants. The senior Blunt was first elected to office in 1984 as Secretary of State for Missouri. In 2015, he voted against a nonbinding Senate resolution stating that "climate change is real and caused by human activity and that Congress needs to take action to cut carbon pollution. He was subsequently elected to the position three times and served a total of 12 years. The wedding was a second wedding for the senator who was previously married to Roseann Ray for 36 years before their divorce in 2003. He does not believe in man-made global warming, stating: "There isn't any real science to say we are altering the climate or path of the Earth. [2] Blunt, who is the dean of Missouri's congressional delegation, was elected to serve as Policy Committee chairman in November 2018. Roseann Ray (m. 1967; div. Blunt himself told reporters that his staffers would not be required to save e-mails for three years," although this was "widely understood to be state law" (known as the Sunshine Law). In that capacity, he served as the Republicans' chief vote-counter. Their name are Scott Goodwin, Danya S Ray, and three others. Rosanna Ray (Rosie Ray) See Photos. He has three children with Roseann. Abigail Perlman Blunt: Alma mater: University of Virginia, William Jewell College: Southwest Baptist University, Southwest Missouri State University: Profession . Instead, they adopted an 18-month old Russian child in 2006. [43][44] He signed legislation to lower the legal intoxication limit for boaters from .10 to .08 percent. Blunt and his wife Melanie were married in May 1997. The couple officially divorced in 2003. As Commander-in-Chief of the Missouri National Guard, Governor Blunt visited Missouri National guard troops serving in Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, and on the Mexican border. [42] Before the certification, Blunt said he would support the certification of the election, in contrast to his fellow Missouri senator Josh Hawley. Roseann's current address is 329 Good Hill Rd, Weston, CT. We are aware of one business located at this address Premium Cruises. idaho hoa rules and regulations; einstein zebra puzzle. Senator Roy Blunt of Missouri", "What every Republican senator has said about filling a Supreme Court vacancy in an election year", "Coffman, Gardner join Republicans against President Trump's travel ban; here's where the rest stand", "Which senators supported a Jan. 6 Capitol riot commission", "Meet the 32 Senate Republicans who voted to continue LGBT discrimination in the workplace", "POLITICO Playbook PM: Counting votes for the Senate's same-sex marriage bill", "All Info - S.894 - 117th Congress (2021-2022): Hire Veteran Health Heroes Act of 2021", "Missouri U.S. Senate Results: Roy Blunt Wins", "Romney: Trump's election fraud claim wrong, 'reckless', "Trump acquitted in impeachment trial; 7 GOP Senators vote with Democrats to convict", "For Roy Blunt, politics is a family matter", "Former Missouri governor takes on new roles", "Family Ties Bind Federal Lawmakers to Lobbyists", "Mizzou to pay $10,000 a month to Andy Blunt to lobby in Jefferson City", "Andrew Blunt's lobbying work faces scrutiny as he manages father's re-election bid", "Matt Blunt reiterates Senator Blunt's claim they don't talk about business", "Is ad blowing smoke about Blunt's help for Phillip Morris? [52], Since 2014, Blunt has been the largest recipient of campaign contributions from Monsanto,[53][54] which is headquartered in Missouri. [34], On January 14, 2006, Blunt issued a release claiming that the majority of the Republican caucus had endorsed him as DeLay's successor. [17] "Missouri's medical malpractice insurers made a profit for the fifth straight year in 2008. [25], In 2005, Blunt and the Republican-controlled Missouri General Assembly enacted an overhaul of the state workers' compensation system, making it more difficult for employees to obtain workers' compensation benefits. [45], In the wake of the attack, Blunt said he would not support impeaching Trump and that there was "no time" to do so. 18,500 USD (May 30 '03) John E Sweeney Former US Representative from New York, now lobbyist for Russian oligarchs Elizabeth Roseann Ray Blunt. View contact information: phones, addresses, emails and networks. Roy Dean Blunt[1] (born January 10, 1950) is an American politician who served as a United States senator from Missouri from 2011 to 2023. Opinions and recommended stories about Roy Blunt. Betty Belle Hood-Ray Betty Belle (Hood) Ray went home to be with her Lord Wednesday, September 2, 2020. Blunt created the Quality Jobs program,[24] an initiative has been expanded by his successor, Governor Jay Nixon. Credit: Instagram@RoyBlunt. His wife is Roseann Ray(m. 1967; div. [33], Blunt served as Majority Leader on an acting basis starting in September 2005, after DeLay was indicted on felony charges involving campaign finance. A member of the Republican Party, he previously served as the 33rd Missouri Secretary of State (1985-1993) and U.S. Representative for Missouri's 7th congressional district (1997-2011). Senator (R-Missouri) in 2010. See Photos. Martin responded on September 4 that he had no such emails, but the reporter later said someone gave him a copy of one, showing that Martin's claim was false. Former United States Senator from Missouri, This article is about the politician. [102], The St. Louis Post-Dispatch published an editorial criticizing Blunt and Senator Josh Hawley for not distancing themselves from the January 6 United States Capitol attack and their continued support for Trump. [63][64], On January 17, 2014, Blunt introduced a bill called the Partnership to Build America Act. [12], Blunt entered politics in 1973, when he was appointed county clerk and chief election official of Greene County, Missouri. It distributed packets of emails and documents to four major newspapers in Missouri to support its claims that the attorney had made inappropriate use of a state computer. The couple has three children. Sign Up. Owner 2: ROSEANN BLUNT Total Market Value: $120,400 +Edit Past Address 1049 W Bluegrass Rd, STRAFFORD, MO 65757-7207 View Address Year Built: 1985 Bedrooms: 3 Baths: 2.00 Garage Size: 2 Property Lot Size: 2.50 AC Building Area: 2104 Owner: ray, betty b tr Owner 2: ROSEANN BLUNT Total Market Value: $130,200 +Edit Current Address This service is provided on News Group Newspapers' Limited's Standard Terms and Conditions in accordance with our Privacy & Cookie Policy. [81], In response to the 2017 Las Vegas shooting, Blunt said he was "saddened by the tragic loss of life" and offered his thoughts to the victims. He was the United States Senator from Missouri from 2011 to 2023. See Photos. High Court Upholds Tweaked Workers' Comp Law, Gov. [96], In 2013 Blunt voted against Employment Non-Discrimination Act, which would have outlawed employer discrimination based on sexuality or gender identity. [23] He has received an "A" rating from the National Rifle Association. [74][75] Blunt said, "we don't quite have all the information wed like to have yet. Blunt was the only Republican elected to statewide office in Missouri in 2000. The next year, he was elected vice chairman of the Senate Republican Conference. Roy Dean Blunt is an American politician who is the junior United States Senator from Missouri, serving since 2011. [57][58] In 2005 Governor Blunt created the Missouri Life Sciences Trust Fund, to accept transfers of monies from the Tobacco Settlement fund and apply them to biotech efforts. "[66] In 2015, Blunt sponsored an unsuccessful amendment which "called on the Senate to nullify a climate change agreement in November between the United States and China in which both nations pledged to reduce their carbon emissions. Matt Blunt won't run for re-election", "Missouri Governor Visits Missouri Troops in Iraq; Afghanistan Later This Week", "Governor Blunt In Kosovo To Visit Missouri Troops", "Online NewsHour: Report | Guard Troops Assist Border Patrol | October 2, 2006", "Blunt can stay in Reserves, but could face choice later", "Education Cuts Undermine Missouri's Future", "Former MO Gov. He is a member of the . [115] Roy Blunt has six grandchildren. He also called it a "disappointment" that Democrats were considering impeachment. [80], Blunt has been critical of cuts to education funding, arguing that they will erode Missouri's future. "[17], Blunt believed he had to reduce spending to deal with what he described as a state financial crisis. The couple has two sons, William Branch Blunt, born on March 9, 2005, and Brooks Anderson Blunt, born on January 1, 2010. Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, 2010 United States Senate election in Missouri, 2021 United States Electoral College vote count, Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 2016 United States Senate election in Missouri, 1998 United States House of Representatives elections, 2002 United States House of Representatives elections, 2004 United States House of Representatives elections, 2006 United States House of Representatives elections, 2008 United States House of Representatives elections, "Representative Roy Blunt (R-Missouri, 7th)", "Senate Republicans Elect Thune, Barrasso and Blunt to Top Posts", "McConnell reelected as leader, Thune promoted to whip", "GOP Sen. Roy Blunt announces he will not run for reelection", "Sen. Roy Blunt won't run for reelection in latest blow to GOP", Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "U.S. Senate candidate Roy Blunt scheduled to speak at Republican Committee picnic Sept. 13", "Senator faces controversy over Vietnam-era draft deferments", "Roy Blunt, a Capitol Hill master strategist, faces his toughest political challenge", "Our Campaigns - MO Secretary of State - R Primary Race", "Our Campaigns MO Secretary of State Race", "Our Campaigns - MO Governor R Primary Race", "Our Campaigns - MO District 7 R Primary Race Aug 06, 1996", "Taking The Politics Out Of Climate Science", "H.R.2122 - Mandatory Gun Show Background Check Act", "In Congress, Roy Blunt's fast ascension fueled by fundraising", "At 59, GOP Congressman says he couldn't get a hip replacement in Canada or England", "Raising the minimum wage becomes topic of conversation on Labor Day", "Social Security Looms Over Senate Race -AARP States", "Boehner, Blunt seek to replace DeLay: Lawmakers debate scandals' impact on mid-term elections", Roy Blunt to step down as No.