[58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Biochem J. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Behav Brain Res. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. 2012;31:25074. 2014;12:75. Gene. 2007;27:6024. 2006;27:16471. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. 2011;18:32533. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Neuroreport. 2003;140:147. J Neuro-Oncol. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. 2010;28:445. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. 2016;397:2239. J Sleep Res. 2009;158:12639. Biol Chem. Google Scholar. Sareesh et al. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Article 2012;3:3440. . Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Toxicol Sci. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 2005;1042:1018. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. 2007;28:187380. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Richter et al. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . 2007;34:146779. 2013;42:428. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Cobb et al. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Oto R, Akda Z, Dada S, Celik Y. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. 1988;9:33745. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. 2005;25:10190201. Neuroreport. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. 2017;326:291. PubMed Central Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2002;57:2702. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Mil Med Sci. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. PubMed Int J Radiat Biol. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Annu Rev Physiol. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. 1984;5:6370. Article [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. 2005;22:32931. Neurosci Lett. Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. PubMed Sci Total Environ. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. The effects are usually . Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. 2013;32:27380. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Cookies policy. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. Terms and Conditions, GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Pathophysiology. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Google Scholar. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. BMJ. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. PLoS One. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). 2015;148:150. 2000;284:30017. Article But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Dasdag et al. 2006;79:13140. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Mortazavi et al. Privacy Singh et al. Surg Neurol. Cosquer et al. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2 Researchers have been working. 2013;17:711. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Myhrer T. Neurotransmitter systems involved in learning and memory in the rat: a meta-analysis based on studies of four behavioral tasks. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. 1999;9:3438. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. By using this website, you agree to our broad definition in terms of frequencies between. 2001;12:72931. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. California Privacy Statement, Studies have also suggested that long-term exposure to 2.4GHz microwave radiation may lead to adverse effects, as observed in neurodegenerative diseases that originate from the altered expression of some miRNAs. 2010;39:67594. 2012;21:6209. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. 2004;115:1490505. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. J Radiat Proc. PubMed Central In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Article Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Verma et al. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Ning et al. 2014;9:e95503. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Am J Epidemiol. Article Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Abe M, Bonini NM. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Behav Brain Res. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. Behav Brain Res. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. PLoS One. The potential mechanisms underlying these damaging effects range from gene expression alterations in the respiratory chain, membrane damage, Ca2+ overloading, and DNA impairment [122,123,124,125,126,127,128]. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Mack et al. However, Li et al. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. The former is now recognized worldwide as a method for evaluating learning and memory, while the latter is viewed as more susceptible to other factors. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. 2011;107:35661. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. 2004;155:3743. 2000;11:16413. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. 2014;90:2935. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Bioelectromagnetics. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Bioelectromagnetics. 2011;31:2293301. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Google Scholar. However,. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. 2007;96:218196.