Moreover, when it comes to ants, the product can 100% A must have for weekend trips, camping, and travel. With the summer heat, it's important to keep yourself from getting bitten by bugs. J Commun Dis. lemongrass on mosquitoes and ants in an open area. volume18, Articlenumber:436 (2019) Ed.). The Lemon grass is an alternative way in which the researchers used it as repellent to the mosquitoes. stephensi mosquitoes. Soekarno- However, studies have focused more on the search for active compounds than on optimal formulations [8, 29]. and candles, and also in aromatherapy.
Does Lemongrass Repel Mosquitoes? Here's What Research Says Malar J 18, 436 (2019). 2010;20:16728. Krishnappa K, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Gokulakrishnan J. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Trav Med Infect Dis. It contains limonene as an insect repellent. arabiensis. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. Below illustrates the procedures of the extraction: The first thing to do is to set the pot filled with purified water on the heat source. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Arivoli S, Tennyson S, Benelli G. Larvicidal and repellent potential of Zingiber nimmonii (J. Graham) Dalzell (Zingiberaceae) essential oil: an eco-friendly tool against malaria, dengue, and lymphatic filariasis mosquito vectors? [6], narrow-leaved eucalyptus, lemon-scented eucalyptus, and broad-leaved eucalyptus protected against An. Chemical composition, toxicity and mosquito repellency of Ocimum selloi oil. The essential oil of lemongrass has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, flies, moths and ants. In 6 studies, repellency effectiveness of basil against different Anopheles species was investigated. The research subjects to be observed and experimented were the mosquitoes SA made substantial contributions to perform professional writing of the manuscript and preparing it. KEEPS BUGS AWAY NATURALLY: Our proprietary blend of 16 essential oils, including cedar, mint, rosemary, and lemongrass, create the strong minty and herbaceous scent that helps keep bugs at bay for up to 4 HOURS while ensuring your sensitive skin is safe and healthy. effectiveness of lemon grass oil as a natural insect repellent. All concentrations of E. globulus provided complete repellency ranging from 1.7 to 3.4h, depending on the concentration applied. Human Expand View via Publisher The 20% oil solution of catnip in the study carried out by Amer et al. centered over the receiving vessel. properties and the extracted oil is used as insect repellent. Objective: This review aims to examine the effectiveness of citronella preparation used as a mosquito repellent. Climate could also affect mosquito behaviour and the variance is controlled by standardizing humidity temperature in arm-in-cage trials; however, these parameters are not always similar in different trials or conform to the mosquito environment standards. The repellency effect of citronella was investigated in several studies. There is no significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural Essential oils and extracts of plants are emerging as potential agents for Anopheles spp. A total of 383 studies were found by the initial literature search of the databases. prevent arthropod borne diseases. Meat Sci. This paper . Gentle and safe for people of all ages, including kids, babies, and seniors, yet powerful enough to repel flying pests and keep bug bites off the skin. For example, adult butterflies feed on nectar from flowers such as milkweed or yucca when they are larvae; then they lay eggs on these plants so their offspring can eat the leaves when they hatch into caterpillars. Lemongrass does not have This number is significantly higher than the number of dead mosquitoes found in the control group, which was 10. Despite decades of malaria control efforts, malaria continues to be a major worldwide public health issue with 3.3 billion persons at risk in 106 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical areas [2].
Lemongrass Research - Chapter I Introduction Background of The Study Its easy to apply just dot on exposed skin and blend in. The location of this residence is in Catarman, stephensi for 6.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. However, it is highly recommended that the future researchers should perform the x=]R@2C&n-M4f+s=D&Lo7M[6o6mO_-mO?~w ,*H2NgQpaWW_8~FM]#4xBZ@Ekp udqc!2+ck{ED6dl-'_u7"`0Z Malar J. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. the list of EPA-GRAS, or what the Environmental Protection Agency considers PubMed Central Ansari M, Razdan R, Tandon M, Vasudevan P. Larvicidal and repellent actions of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb (F Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes. Prado JM, Leal PF, Meireles MAA, Eds. [6], with 100% protection against An. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. dirus for 6h [44] and An. Asian Pac J Trop Med. In addition to being a plant-based mosquito repeller, this spray will kill and repel hundreds of common pests, such as gnats, ticks, fleas, no-see-ums, spiders, and other biting flies. DEET Sci. The Table 4 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the products for safe use, lemongrass oil is mixed by water and alcohol. over 50 years as an insect repellent. In the Philippines, its mosquitoes. Mosquito larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of Artemisia nilagirica (Family: Compositae) against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. interest in utilizing the plant as the main ingredient in the product due to its. Combined effect of seaweed (Sargassum wightii) and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis on the coastal mosquito, Anopheles sundaicus. Konan Y, Sylla M, Doannio J, Traor S. Comparison of the effect of two excipients (karite nut butter and vaseline) on the efficacy of Cocos nucifera, Elaeis guineensis and Carapa procera oil-based repellents formulations against mosquitoes biting in Ivory Coast. DEET-free. insect repellent with its pleasing aroma and overall effectiveness were evident through H"Chgr gL%kL" $?]%}11XI immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the Individuals Advances in vector mosquito control technologies, with particular reference to herbal products. Eucalyptus globulus at 0.1ml dose in a study [47] repelled An. These insect repellents help prevent and control the [6], has a percentage repellency of 79.7 against Anopheles arabiensis. Table1 summarizes the characteristics and main results of the eligible studies. Distillation Process is technique used for separating substances which are In addition to this, another study conducted by [author name] shows that lemongrass extract can be used as an insect repellent. Part of 2 0 obj
This study will be conducted for the benefit of the following: For the Future Researchers that this could serve as a guide for them in case they would J Herb Spice Med Plants. Among 500 species of Anopheles mosquitoes known globally, more than 50 species can transmit malaria from the bite of the infected female Anopheles spp. Many people are naturally worried about the safety of their pets when using an insect repellents device. Karunamoorthi K, Ilango K, Murugan K. Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). In the study by Phasomkusolsil et al. Birkett MA, Hassanali A, Hoglund S, Pettersson J, Pickett JA. Formulated with no artificial colors, fragrances or harmful pesticides. Aquaculture. Other creams make you choose between repelling bugs and treating uncomfortable bug bites, but No-Bite-Me prevents and repairs bug-bombed skin. Parasitol Res. %PDF-1.5
2011;1:438. 2001;49:51721. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). AA performed collecting of articles and writing the manuscript. 2013;112:67992. financial benefit, it is said that some bottle of lemongrass insect repellent costs Safe (GRAS)s list which means it is extremely safe (Gumban, 2019). skin. that does not guarantee the safety of their families. It is also registered in 2006;1:911.
Lemongrass and Mosquitoes: Does Lemongrass Repel - MosquitoReviews I. the related studies.
Related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent. The CAS The use of repellents to protect people from bites of mosquitoes previously has been acknowledged as part of an overall integrated insect-borne disease control programme [6]. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. to the skin. 1995;120:53842. water over foliage (Cruz, 2004).
PDF IJMRK2 The effect of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus extract as Lemon grass The researchers chose to do the experiment in this area since the marials Many studies have reported evidence of repellant activities of plant extracts or essential oils against malaria vectors around the world. endobj
Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. PubMed Tagetes minutaisa very important member of Tagetes genus belonging to Asteraceae family [75]. Trongtokit Y, Curtis CF, Rongsriyam Y. Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. In addition, a manual search was conducted to identify further pertinent articles using references from retrieved studies. J King Saud Univ Sci. significance of lemongrass as a main ingredient for making insect repellent and how lemongrass as an insect repellent and to raise awareness on how to prevent insect- 0:45 . [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. Phytochemistry. For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. For the Society that lemongrass is one of the best plants to use in making the Repellent compounds contained in this plant include alpha-pinene, citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol (Duke 2000). [42] also found that orange at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2, with a dose-dependent trend, has 44%, 54%, and 84% repellency against An. Studies found that cats and dogs, although they can hear the waves, ultrasonic sound is inaudible to humans and household pets. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Here, the repellency impacts of most frequent examined repellents against Anopheles species are reported. PubMed Lemongrass | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center For Adult Patients About Diagnosis & Treatment Lemongrass Purported Benefits, Side Effects & More Common Names Fever grass Barbed wire grass Silky heads Jump to: For Patients & Caregivers For Healthcare Professionals For Patients & Caregivers This compound is found in citrus fruits and works to repel many insects. . It is a plant and has many uses. neighborhood. Additionally, this study will produce significant and relevant information for future studies regarding to insect repellent. The product was affordable to make since the researchers didnt cost Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. gambiae [54]. Abu-Darwish MS, Abu-Dieyeh ZH, Mufeed B, Al-Tawaha ARM, Al-Dalain SYA. Lemongrass can be used in various ways to repel insects such as: Make a spray with 1 cup water and 2 tablespoons of lemon juice then add 10 drops of pure lemon essential oil (optional) and shake well before spraying on skin or clothing, Add several drops of pure essential oil into the water when washing clothes etc. Some caution is important when interpreting the findings. Springer Nature. It is also used to treat stomach ailments, diabetes, and other maladies. Basil at 0.1ml dose in other studies [47, 61] repelled Anopheles for 1.5h and 0.75h, whereas, Tawatsin et al. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;41:831. 2012;49:86. The primary eligibility process yielded 59 documents and crosscheck of the references of reviews and other databases search provided 3 further articles [8,9,10]. dirus [43]. Lemongrass is an annual plant that grows between 2 and 4 feet tall. 4 0 obj
Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Laboratory evaluation of Indian medicinal plants as repellents against malaria, dengue, and filariasis vector mosquitoes. Reflection Paper: Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? [12] in a field trial revealed that 1ml peppermint oil without dilution completely repels Anopheles annularis, An. Herbal insecticides, repellents and biomedicines: effectiveness and commercialization.
Lemongrass As Insect Repellent - Pest Phobia Chemical composition and mosquito repellency of essential oil of Conyza newii propagated in different geographical locations of Kenya. Parasitol Res. researchers wanted to study about this so that people will try to use natural (plant- It is a tall perennial grass that grows in dense clumps, and the leaves have a lemon scent. The study by Sritabutra et al. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) of lemongrass oil. Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, Scott RR, Thavara U, Techadamrongsin Y. Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. materials needed: Benefits of Lemongrass Oil as Natural Alternative Insect Repellent [42], clove at 0.02, 0.10 and 0.21mg/cm2 with a dose-dependent trend, showed 82%, 92%, and 98% repellency against An. Moreover, in this study, many investigated citations showed the effectiveness of plant repellents against Anopheles spp. Amer et al. 2015;114:60112. J Ethnopharmacol. [27], orange extract at 50, 150 and 250, 350, and 450ppm showed 0, 0.5, 0.5, 1.5 and 2h complete protection time repellency (100%) against An. Other studies also found that turmeric oil repels An. Table 4. 2012;38:1416. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. No problem: its an anti-itch cream too. Furthermore, these related 23352, Indonesia utilizing mosquito repellent plants, such as lemongrass. Attempts Frequency Percent J Food Agric Environ. 2015;14:187. 1st ed. 2011;4:10611.
Related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent. The Lemongrass. The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Ethanolic 25% extract of L. sinense was able to completely repel Anopheles minimus for 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles genus. The leaves are long and narrow, with pointed tips and serrated edges. Auysawasdi et al.
Tag: lemongrass insect repellent review of related literature - WorldNgayon 2018;101:197201. SALLYE ANDER PROMISE: When you buy Sallye Ander products, you can rest assured knowing you are supporting a company committed to quality and the environment. researchers had come to terms that this is the topic that we wanted to learn and talk dirus for 4.5h [46]. 2005;36:1423. Recently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based ingredients have gained increasing . Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the researchers would [6], with mean percentage repellency 71% had a complete protection time for 3h against An. "Aside from being an important herb, lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes," revealed Dr. Manuel Mapue, Department of Health (DOH) Regional Medical Dengue. The repellency effect of citronella was investigated in several studies. Google Scholar. 2019 Sep 3;56(5):1346-1352. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz078. Das M, Ansari M. Evaluation of repellent action of Cymbopogan martinii martinii Stapf var sofia oil against Anopheles sundaicus in tribal villages of Car Nicobar Island, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, India. The heterogeneity in the results of the previous studies might be stem from differences in compound concentrations, application dosages, mosquito species, formulations and the assessment method of repellency, as in some trials the protection time until mosquitoes landed was recorded, whereas in the majority of studies the time until mosquitoes bite was considered. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. Steam [6], with complete protection time for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing against An. [6], with a mean percentage of repellency (71.4%) and complete protection time against An. In the study by Murugan et al. Trop Med Int Health. mosquitoes, and, (iii) reported the percentage of repellency or complete protection time. 2012;111:175769. Diethyl-meta-toluamide) used as active chemical component in insect repellent, are now bottle.
The repellency of lemongrass oil against stable flies, tested using The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. used for the experiment were easily provided. Moreover, this chapter includes the Research Design, Research generally safe. Citronella oil could provide sufficient protection time against mosquitoes. SAFE FOR CHILDREN: No-Bite-Me is a completely safe, natural bug repellent. 2015;46:596601. Kumar KP, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar AN, Hwang J-S, Barnard DR. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. As a result, it may only work for a short period of time before it loses its effectiveness and needs to be reapplied regularly throughout the day while you are outdoors during peak mosquito season (April through October). Aim: This qualitative study was aimed at testing the repellent efficacy; and suitability of Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) for the development of natural product-based mosquito repellent. Asian Pac J Trop Med. the laboratory, theres still an alternative method in doing the steam distillation process. 2000;73:20711. Miele M, Dondero R, Ciarallo G, Mazzei M. Methyleugenol in Ocimum basilicum L. Cv genovese gigante. [58] used clove essential oil at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% concentrations against An. Catnipisa perennial plant that belongs to the mint family, Labiatae. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Article 2014 ). albimanus and found that all concentrations of clove provided complete repellency ranging from 1.25 to 3.55h, depending on the concentration applied. The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. 2010;3:6915. Karunamoorthi K, Girmay A, Hayleeyesus SF.
Electronic Led Mosquito Killer Lamps Machine for Home Insect Killer Lemongrass oil is also thought to be beneficial in treating skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Insecticidal Properties of Lemongrass they would bite exposed skin of a human if it was not applied with any insect repellent, during the process. Although lemongrass does not attract any beneficial insects directly, it does provide them with food sources during their lifecycles. The product was 100% safe to use as it didnt cause allergies or itchiness 2006;99:478. 3 safe? Liloan is a municipality in the northern part of Cebu Extracting the lemongrass oil will be done through Steam Distillation Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016;23:2322838. Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp. Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Amin Asadollahi,Alireza Zahraei-Ramazani&Sahar Azarmi, Health Research Centre, Lifestyle Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Medical Sciences Research Centre, Ghalib University, Kabul, Afghanistan, You can also search for this author in The oil is also an anti- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8. and ants. How long does the effectivity of the lemongrass oil last? stephensi. [4]. Cruelty free and biodegradable. J Vector Borne Dis. ), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). Nevertheless, another study [58] reported that the complete protection time of thyme at its maximum concentration (100%) is 1.7h against Anopheles albimanus. minimus [45] for 1h. A high level of insecticide resistance has made because of the chemical control of the pests and vectors. alternative insect repellent. components of lemongrass oil varied with where they are planned. locate the host (Ghosh, 2005). 2011;72:10914. The This study aims to determine the effectiveness of lemon grass leaves extract as an alternative Mosquito repellent. Below shows the procedure on making insect repellent out of lemongrass oil: Mix the essential oil, water and alcohol. Parasitol Res. stephensi for 3.5h. Phasomkusolsil et al. For the Students in Senior High School that lemongrass has insecticidal and it is keeping insects that carry disease away from us and from our area. The percentage repellency was doseresponse and was reported to be 66%, 74% and 96%, respectively. 2011;4:698705.
GROUP-7.docx - ACADEMIC YEAR 2019 - 2020 THE EFFECTIVENESS For other plants, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Lemon grass contains citral, which is an essential oil, having medicinal and other useful significance. Mosquito repellent activity of essential oil of Ethiopian ethnomedicinal plant against Afro-tropical malarial vector Anopheles arabiensis. The studies in the last two decades have focused on the search for new natural repellents and some plants displayed good repellent activities, but few natural products have been developed so far [88, 89]. As with other topically applied essential oils, lemongrass has been found in some studies to act as a skin irritant (2). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. Asian Pac J Trop Med. With that, the researchers gained [56] in Kenya reported that the percentage repellency of catnip is dose-dependent as 0.01mg, 0.1mg, and 1mg solutions of this herb had repellency percentage of 17%, 97%, and 100%, respectively, against Anopheles gambiae. Google Scholar. Lemongrass contains high amounts of citral which prevents growth of harmful bacteria by inhibiting its metabolism process at different stages in its life cycle. Plant-based repellents have been applied for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection approach against different species of Anopheles. Effective on black flies, mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. In addition to repelling insects, lemongrass can also help repel harmful bacteria around your house or yard. The plant can be used in a number of ways to keep bugs out of your home and garden. Asian Pac J Trop Med. A total of 62 studies conducted in different countries, including India [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40], Thailand [4, 5, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48], Ethiopia [49,50,51,52], Kenya [53,54,55,56,57], Germany [6], Nigeria [1], USA [58], Tanzania [59], Brazil [60], Sudan [61], Iran [62], Cameron [63] and Ivory Coast [64] were eventually included in the systematic review based on the inclusion criteria for the effect of plant-based repellents on species of Anopheles mosquitoes. PubMed Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. Scope and Delimitation This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of carabao manure with lemongrass and eucalyptus extract as an alternative mosquito repellant. Rawani A, Banerjee A, Chandra G. Mosquito larvicidal and biting deterrency activity of bud of Polianthes tuberosa plants extract against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. about in our project. Nevertheless, Seyoum et al. Method: Cymbopogon oil (75ml) was extracted from 200g of fresh Lemongrass leaves using Soxhlet method with n-Hexane as solvent. Kongkaew C, Sakunrag I, Chaiyakunapruk N, Tawatsin A. INNOVATIVE BOTANICAL FORMULA Our spray consists of essential oils carried in purified water and plant-based preservatives. minimus [45] and An. 2001;26:7682. This findings support the study of Dumay and Arcilla Jr. (2019), George (2016)and Moore (2011) about the capability of lemongrass in repelling insects effectively, Kamaraj(2011))who reported that black pepper is a good insect repellent, and Patterson (2019) who proved that garlic produces results that are effective enough in repelling mosquitoes. is any chemical or natural product that causes insects or other arthropods to avoid or
CAS The highest repellency effect was identified from Ligusticum sinense extract, followed by citronella, pine, Dalbergia sissoo, peppermint and Rhizophora mucronata oils with complete protection time ranging from 9.1 to 11.5h. Furthermore, essential oils from plants such as lavender, camphor, catnip, geranium, jasmine, broad-leaved eucalyptus, lemongrass, lemon-scented eucalyptus, amyris, narrow-leaved eucalyptus, carotin, cedarwood, chamomile, cinnamon oil, juniper, cajeput, soya bean, rosemary, niaouli, olive, tagetes, violet, sandalwood, litsea, galbanum, and Curcuma longa also showed good repellency with 8h complete repellency against different species of Anopheles. By stephensi for 8h, while Eucalyptus globulus complete protection time was reported to be 5.5h. Auysawasdi et al. Studies have shown that different insect repellents use a similar mode-of-action. In our data, the repellent is safe since it didnt cause itchiness and does not Barnard et al. found that tagetes extract is not affective against An. Bioresource Technol. To overcome this problem, it is essential to research for alternative approaches to vector control. Lemongrass has insecticidal properties and the extracted oil is used as VITJS4 crude extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae).