bantu expansion genocide

The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. 23 Ibid. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). They are the shortest group of Pygmies in Africa, averaging under 4 feet 6 inches (137 cm) in height, and are perhaps the most famous. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. 1968. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700006472, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. The indigenous population of the territory comprised dispersed agricultural and pastoral communities belonging to the two major indigenous population groups in southern Africa. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. By Ellen Rubin. What area? No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. cit. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. Archaeological evidence from the separate works of Jean Hurault (1979, 1986 & 1988) and Rigobert Tuech (2000) in the region reveals that this region has been inhabited by the same culture for 5 millennia, from 3000 B.C to date. Africa's World War: The Congo War - History Guild There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. These deaths were distributed across all of the most populous regions of Russia, but the greatest impact was felt in Ukraine. Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. Formed in 1075, Mapungubwe was a renowned trading city linking Africa, Asia, and Europe. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. It's not white supremacist to study history. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. Guerrilla warfare played a huge role in World War II. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu -speaking group, [3] [4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. See below. Evidence suggests that they moved rapidly across the continent, south and east, sometime between 2000 BCE and 1000 CE. Enter your library card number to sign in. Archaeologies of the Bantu Expansion | The Oxford Handbook of African The mother and child wandered in exile until taken in by a local paramount chief by the name of Dingiswayo. The Hutu immigrated into the Great Lakes region from the great Bantu expansion in West Africa. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. It remains a livid international issue, however, and one upon which Turkeys entry into the European Union has traditionally been hinged. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. During that bitter period of modern Irish history between 1845 and 1849 approximately 1 million people died, and a million more emigrated. Oliver and Mathew, op. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Of course not. In other words, most sub-Saharan Africans today are descended from Bantus, who are, historically, a genocidal conqueror race rather like the Yamnayas-Aryans of Eurasia. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. Population collapse in Congo rainforest from 400 CE urges - Science Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Perhaps, instead of asking how, the question why might be better suited to this format. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction | Language Dispersal The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. They are from Western Africa and East African countries like Tanzania. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Personal communication from Mr Fagg. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. 18091. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. He says that Mali wasn't a civilisation in one video, yet in another video, he says that Mali was an empire. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. Genocide in Somalia's Jubba Valley and Somali Bantu Refugees - Items It never happened. In 1884, it was agreed among European powers that all expansion into Africa would be by treaty with local, indigenous authority. The Bantu languages constitute by far Africa's largest language family. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and Sudanic-speaking agriculturalist neighbours, and they are probably the earliest . The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. Summary. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. There are no noticeable differences between the two communities as they both use the same Bantu languages together with French, and mainly observe Christianity. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Bantu expansion - Wikipedia However, the US Ambassador to Constantinople, Henry Morgenthau Sr, was able to rouse the attention of the Woodrow Wilson administration, and an enormous amount of money and resource was eventually raised to help Armenian refugees affected by the crisis. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. . affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. 6 Portres, Roland, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Journal of African History, III (1962), 195210;CrossRefGoogle ScholarClark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa,Google Scholaribid. [34], Movements by small groups to the southeast from the Great Lakes region were more rapid, with initial settlements widely dispersed near the coast and near rivers, due to comparatively difficult farming conditions in areas farther from water. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. India and Pakistan would be separated, with what is today Bangladesh part of mainland Pakistan. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Of course not. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure.